Nanoparticles and their effects on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112X.2020.01.006

Biomaterials Translational ›› 2020, Vol. 1 ›› Issue (1): 58-68.doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112X.2020.01.006

• REVIEW • Previous Articles Next Articles

Nanoparticles and their effects on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Xing Yang¹^,², Yuanyuan Li³, Xujie Liu⁴, Wei He⁵, Qianli Huang⁶, Qingling Feng²^,^*()

1 China Institute of Marine Technology and Economy, Beijing, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
3 Department of Stomatology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
4 School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
5 School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
6 State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.

Received:2020-03-16 Revised:2020-06-30 Accepted:2020-08-21 Online:2020-12-28 Published:2020-12-28
Contact: Qingling Feng E-mail:biomater@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

Abstract

Abstract:

Over the past decades, advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology have resulted in numerous nanomedicine platforms. Various nanoparticles, which exhibit many unique properties, play increasingly important roles in the field of biomedicine to realize the potential of nanomedicine. Due to the capacity of self-renewal and multilineage mesenchymal differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in the area of regenerative medicine and in clinical applications due to their potential to differentiate into various lineages. There are several factors that impact the differentiation of MSCs into different lineages. Many types of biomaterials such as polymers, ceramics, and metals are commonly applied in tissue engineering and regenerative therapies, and they are continuously refined over time. In recent years, along with the rapid development of nanotechnology and nanomedicine, nanoparticles have been playing more and more important roles in the fields of biomedicine and bioengineering. The combined use of nanoparticles and MSCs in biomedicine requires greater knowledge of the effects of nanoparticles on MSCs. This review focuses on the effects of four inorganic or metallic nanoparticles (hydroxyapatite, silica, silver, and calcium carbonate), which are widely used as biomaterials, on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. In this review, the cytotoxicity of these four nanoparticles, their effects on osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and the signalling pathways or transcription factors involved are summarized. In addition, the chemical composition, size, shape, surface area, surface charge and surface chemistry of nanoparticles, have been reported to impact cellular behaviours. In this review, we particularly emphasize the influence of their size on cellular responses. We envision our review will provide a theoretical basis for the combined application of MSCs and nanoparticles in biomedicine.

Key words: adipogenic differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells, nanoparticles, osteogenic differentiation, tissue engineering

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Nanoparticle	Chemical composition	Size (nm)	Shape	Surface coating	Cytotoxicity	Application and results	Reference
Hydroxyapatite NPs	Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂	Diameter: ~20; length: ~50, width: ~8; length: ~100, width: ~43; length: ~150, width: ~23; length: ~200, width: ~20	Nanosphere, nanorod	Without	Size-, dose-dependent cytotoxicity to MSCs	Promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs	25, 37, 41, 42, 44
Silica NPs	SiO₂	50, 90, 110, 200, 400	nanosphere	Without	A general lack of cytotoxicity to MSCs	Transiently enhanced osteogenic protein expression in hMSCs; Released silicon ions to stimulate the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs	68, 69, 71
Calcium carbonate NPs	CaCO₃	Length: ~240, width: ~90	Nanorod	Poly(acrylic acid)	Showed no cytotoxicity to osteoblasts at concentrations of 1-1000 μg/mL	Enhanced proliferation and expression of osteoblast-related genes	74
Silver NPs	Ag	10, 20, 30	Nanosphere	Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)	Time-, dose-dependent cytotoxicity to MSCs	Did not influence the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs or osteoblasts	75-77

Nanoparticle	Chemical composition	Size (nm)	Shape	Surface coating	Cytotoxicity	Application and results	Reference
Hydroxyapatite NPs	Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂	Diameter: ~20; length: ~50, width: ~8; length: ~100, width: ~43; length: ~150, width: ~23; length: ~200, width: ~20	Nanosphere, nanorod	Without	Size-, dose-dependent cytotoxicity to MSCs	Promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs	25, 37, 41, 42, 44
Silica NPs	SiO₂	50, 90, 110, 200, 400	nanosphere	Without	A general lack of cytotoxicity to MSCs	Transiently enhanced osteogenic protein expression in hMSCs; Released silicon ions to stimulate the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs	68, 69, 71
Calcium carbonate NPs	CaCO₃	Length: ~240, width: ~90	Nanorod	Poly(acrylic acid)	Showed no cytotoxicity to osteoblasts at concentrations of 1-1000 μg/mL	Enhanced proliferation and expression of osteoblast-related genes	74
Silver NPs	Ag	10, 20, 30	Nanosphere	Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)	Time-, dose-dependent cytotoxicity to MSCs	Did not influence the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs or osteoblasts	75-77

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