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History, progress and future challenges of artificial blood vessels: a narrative review
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Ke Hu, Yuxuan Li, Zunxiang Ke, Hongjun Yang, Chanjun Lu, Yiqing Li, Yi Guo, Weici Wang
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Table 4 Common animal models for evaluation of artificial blood vessels in vivo.
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| Animal model | Characteristics | Application inner diameter (mm) | Common length (mm) | Longest implantation period | Implantation site | References | | Sheep | Similar cardiovascular physiology, endothelialisation mechanisms and thrombogenicity mechanisms to humans.
Suitable size and long-term studies possible.Higher incidence of hypercoagulability. | 4–6 | 80–100 | 9 months | Carotid artery | 48, 74 | | 4–6 | 60–100 | 3 months | Arteriovenous graft | 129 | | Pig | Similar vascular physiology and anatomy to humans.
Well established as a model for assessing vascular grafts.
Mount an extensive immune response to implanted tissues. | 3–6 | 30–100 | 6 months | Iliac artery | 130 | | 3–6 | 10–100 | 4 weeks | Carotid artery | 52 | | Dog | Lack of spontaneous endothelialisation and immune response restricts study lengths.
Ease of accessing vessel due to thin skin.
Thrombogenicity mechanisms and vessel viscoelastic properties differ from humans. | 3–6 | 30–50 | 6 months | Abdominal artery | 131 | | 3–6 | 30–50 | 1 year | Carotid artery | 119 | | Baboon | Physiology and cardiovascular anatomy are the most similar to humans.
Suitable for a wide range of non-invasive imaging techniques adapted from humans.
High cost and ethical concerns associated with using primates in medical research. | 3–6 | 30–50 | 6 months | Arteriovenous graft | 26 | | Rabbit | Similar endothelialisation rates and thrombogenicity mechanisms to humans.
Demanding higher anticoagulant function.
Limited to short-term studies. | 1–4 | 5–30 | 12 months | Carotid artery | 94, 132 | | 1–4 | 5–30 | 2 weeks | Femoral artery | 133 | | 1–4 | 5–30 | 3 months | Abdominal artery | 134 | | Rat | Large sample size.
Wide variety of transgenic lines.
Allows exploration of genetic/molecular mechanisms.
Ideal for biocompatibility and cell infiltration studies. | 1–3 | 5–30 | 18 months | Abdominal artery | 73, 135 | | 1–3 | 5–10 | 12 weeks | Carotid artery | 136 | | Mouse | 0.5–1 | 3–10 | 6 months | Carotid artery | 137 |
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