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REVIEW
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Three-dimensional bio-printing of decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks for cartilage regeneration: a systematic review

Melika Sahranavard1* ,  Soulmaz Sarkari2 ,  SeyedehMina Safavi2 ,  Farnaz Ghorbani3
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1 Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
BMT 2022 , 3(2), 105–115; https://doi.org/10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.02.004
Submitted: 10 April 2022 | Revised: 11 May 2022 | Accepted: 1 June 2022 | Published: 28 June 2022
Copyright © 2022 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Cartilage injuries are common problems that increase with the population aging. Cartilage is an avascular tissue with a relatively low level of cellular mitotic activity, which makes it impossible to heal spontaneously. To compensate for this problem, three-dimensional bio-printing has attracted a great deal of attention in cartilage tissue engineering. This emerging technology aims to create three-dimensional functional scaffolds by accurately depositing layer-by-layer bio-inks composed of biomaterial and cells. As a novel bio-ink, a decellularized extracellular matrix can serve as an appropriate substrate that contains all the necessary biological cues for cellular interactions. Here, this review is intended to provide an overview of decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks and their properties, sources, and preparation process. Following this, decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks for cartilage tissue engineering are discussed, emphasizing cell behavior and in-vivo applications. Afterward, the current challenges and future outlook will be discussed to determine the conclusing remarks.

Keywords
3D bio-printing
cartilage
decellularization
dECM
tissue engineering
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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