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Advances in antimicrobial peptide–metallic nanoparticle conjugates as strategies for the treatment of infected wounds

Brian Hou Teck Wong1* ,  Yoon Yee Then2 ,  Yun Khoon Liew3 ,  Rhun Yian Koh4 ,  Chian Ying Teo2*
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1 School of Postgraduate Studies, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3 Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4 Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
BMT, 204 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00204
Submitted: 16 October 2025 | Revised: 21 March 2026 | Accepted: 31 March 2026 | Published: 26 May 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health challenge, significantly limiting the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics and complicating the management of chronic and infected wounds. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained attention as a promising therapeutic alternative due to their unique mechanisms of action, including the disruption of bacterial membranes and interference with intracellular processes, which reduces the likelihood of resistance development. Beyond their direct antimicrobial effects, AMPs also contribute to wound healing by modulating immune responses, promoting cell proliferation, and facilitating tissue regeneration. However, their therapeutic application remains hindered by limitations such as susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, poor stability, and limited bioavailability in vivo. Concurrently, nanotechnology has accelerated the development of innovative strategies to overcome these challenges, with metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) emerging as powerful adjuncts in wound healing applications. MNPs such as silver, gold, copper, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide exhibit intrinsic antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, while also serving as efficient carriers to enhance the delivery and stability of AMPs. The conjugation of AMPs with MNPs represents a synergistic approach that not only improves peptide stability and controlled release but also augments antimicrobial potency and biofilm disruption, addressing two major obstacles in chronic wound management and AMR. This review first provides an overview of the roles of AMPs in tackling challenges related to wound healing and AMR. Subsequently, various strategies are discussed to enhance the therapeutic potential of AMPs. Special emphasis is placed on the design, mechanisms, and bioactivities of AMP–MNP conjugates, highlighting their synergistic effects as next-generation therapeutics for combating infections and accelerating wound repair.

Keywords
Antimicrobial peptide–nanoparticle conjugates
Antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial resistance
Nanoparticles
Wound healing
Funding
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2024/STG05/IMU/02/1), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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