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REVIEW

Harnessing plant-derived nanovesicles for advanced disease therapy: Exploiting their rich secondary metabolites and superior barrier-penetrating capability

Xinyue Lei1 ,  Jia Qin1 ,  Chengyang Pu1 ,  Congting Wu2 ,  Shuang Cai1* ,  Jing Li2*
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1 Department of Food Science and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei, China
2 Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, Hubei, China
BMT, 260 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00260
Submitted: 15 December 2025 | Revised: 12 March 2026 | Accepted: 17 March 2026 | Published: 29 May 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

As an emerging natural nanoscale drug-delivery platform, plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have demonstrated considerable potential for overcoming limitations of conventional drug delivery systems due to their remarkable biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and high stability. This review systematically summarises recent advances in PDNV-mediated disease therapy, emphasising two primary advantages: their plant secondary metabolite (PSM) cargo and their capacity to efficiently penetrate physiological barriers. The review begins with a concise overview of the preparation and characterisation of PDNVs, emphasising that their preparation necessitates complex pre-treatment of plant tissues. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges encountered by mainstream separation techniques, such as ultracentrifugation, in achieving an optimal balance among yield, purity and activity. The article also highlights the urgent need for standardised characterisation criteria and reliable PDNV-specific markers. The review subsequently elaborates on the therapeutic potential of PDNVs. Their intrinsic PSMs, including phenolics, terpenoids and nitrogen-containing compounds, confer inherent pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities. In addition, exogenous drug loading and surface engineering can further enhance PDNV functionality and produce synergistic therapeutic effects. Notably, PDNVs can traverse critical physiological barriers—such as the blood–brain barrier, skin barrier and gastrointestinal barrier— enabling effective delivery through oral, transdermal and injectable routes. These characteristics underpin their promising outcomes across various disease models, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, metabolic disorders and tissue injury. However, the clinical translation of PDNVs is still hindered by challenges related to the standardisation of production, unified characterisation, mechanistic understanding and barrier penetration efficiency. Concerted future efforts are therefore needed to develop controllable preparation processes, establish unified quality control criteria and elucidate PDNV trafficking mechanisms across biological barriers, which will ultimately accelerate the clinical translation of PDNVs into scalable and programmable next-generation delivery systems.

Keywords
Plant-derived nanovesicles
Secondary metabolites
Drug delivery
Physiological barriers
Disease therapy
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32001009), Innovation and Development Joint Fund of Hubei Natural Science (No. 2025AFD098) and Young Talents Development Program of Xiangyang Central Hospital (2025RCYC-034).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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