Submit to BMT
Cite this article
4
Download
145
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles: A structured review and predictive modeling study

Akgul Rakhimzhanova1* ,  Aigul Nurekenova1 ,  Aigul Sapakova1 ,  Shynar Kyrykbayeva2 ,  Zhanylkhan Bukabayeva2
Show Less
1 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Shakarim University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Semey, Kazakhstan
2 Faculty of Information Technology and Economics, Alikhan Bokeikhan University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Semey, Kazakhstan
BMT, 167 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00167
Submitted: 3 September 2025 | Revised: 19 November 2025 | Accepted: 12 February 2026 | Published: 28 August 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
Download PDF
Cite
XML
Abstract

The global increase in the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs has become a serious threat to public health, mainly due to the uncontrolled and inappropriate use of antibacterial agents. The aim of this study is to analyze and predict the antibacterial potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (nano-MgO) as an alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of infectious diseases. To evaluate the physicochemical properties and potential antimicrobial applications of nano-MgO, relevant publications reporting laboratory data were systematically searched, selected, and synthesized. A mathematical model was developed to predict antibacterial activity and determine the optimal concentrations of nanomaterials for therapeutic use. The reviewed studies generally show that nano-MgO demonstrates promising antibacterial effects and can serve as an effective alternative to traditional antibiotics. The proposed prediction model contributes to the development of targeted drugs based on nano-MgO and supports future research on overcoming global antibiotic resistance. 

Keywords
Nano-magnesium oxide
Antibacterial activity
Antimicrobial resistance
Mathematical modeling
Predictive model
Non-antibiotic therapy
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
References
  1. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ antimicrobial-resistance [Last accessed on 2023 Dec 19].

 

  1. University of Oxford. An Estimated 1.2 Million People Died in 2019 from Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections; 2022. Available from: https:// www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-20-estimated-12-million-people-died-2019-antibiotic-resistant-bacterial-infections [Last accessed on 2023 Dec 19].

 

  1. Fleck A. Deaths from Drug-Resistant Infections Set to Skyrocket. Statista; 2022. Available from: https://www.statista.com/chart/3095/drug-resistant-infections [Last accessed on 2023 Dec 19].

 

  1. Grand View Research. Antibiotics Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Action Mechanism (Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors, RNA Synthesis Inhibitors), by Drug Class (Penicillin, Cephalosporin), by Type (Branded, Generic), and Segment Forecasts, 2025-2033. Available from: https://www. grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/antibiotic-market# [Last accessed on 2023 Dec 25].

 

  1. ReAct. Antibiotic Resistance - Far more than a Medical Problem; 2021. Available from: https://www.reactgroup.org/news-and-views/news-and-opinions/year-2021/antibiotic-resistance-far-more-than-a-medical-problem [Last accessed on 2023 Dec 25].

 

  1. Clearvue Health. Antibiotic Resistance Research and Statistics: Visualized Health; 2019. Available from: https://www.clearvuehealth.com/b/ antibiotic-resistance-research-statistics [Last accessed on 2023 Dec 25].

 

  1. The Pew Charitable Trusts. A Scientific Roadmap for Antibiotic Discovery; 2016. Available from: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2016/05/a-scientific-roadmap-for-antibiotic-discovery [Last accessed on 2023 Dec 25].

 

  1. Hutchings MI, Truman AW, Wilkinson B. Antibiotics: Past, present and future. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2019;51:72-80. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.008

 

  1. Kumar M, Sarma DK, Shubham S, et al. Futuristic non-antibiotic therapies to combat antibiotic resistance: A review. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:609459. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.609459

 

  1. Dey UK, Maiti PS, Koley T, Dhar TK, Jana T. Development of nano-magnesium oxide modified hybrid resin system for antimicrobial coating. J Coat Technol Res. 2022;20(1):223-231. doi: 10.1007/s11998-022-00650-w

 

  1. Navya N, Ambika AV, Suresha BL. Synthesis, characterization, and anti-cancer potential study of Ag-MgO nanocomposite. Inorg Chem Commun. 2022;142:109671. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109671

 

  1. Canales DA, Reyes F, Saavedra M, et al. Electrospun fibers of poly (lactic acid) containing bioactive glass and magnesium oxide nanoparticles for bone tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;210:324-336. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.047

 

  1. Myneni VR, Kanidarapu NR, Kandasamy SK, Vangalapati M. Dyes adsorption by nanomaterials: Fixed-bed column studies using nano magnesium oxide-loaded activated carbon. In: Advanced Microscopy. India: Apple Academic Press; 2022. p. 259-287. doi: 10.1201/9781003282044-13

 

  1. Xu D, Xu Z, Cheng L, Gao X, Sun J, Chen L. Improvement of the mechanical properties and osteogenic activity of 3D-printed polylactic acid porous scaffolds by nano-hydroxyapatite and nano-magnesium oxide. Heliyon. 2022;8(6):e09748. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09748

 

  1. Mirza F, Makwana H. Synthesis and characterization of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. Int J Innov Res Technol. 2021;8(6):436-441.

 

  1. Abinaya S, Kavitha HP, Prakash M, Muthukrishnaraj A. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and its applications: A review. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2021;19:100368. doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2020.100368

 

  1. Veronica J, Intan Febriani L, Nurhashiva C, Ragadhita R, Dani Nandiyanto AB, Kurniawan T. Practical computation in the techno-economic analysis of the production of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using sol-gel method. Int J Inform Inform Syst Comput Eng. 2021;2(2):113-124. doi: 10.34010/injiiscom.v2i2.5431

 

  1. Saleh BS, Sharqi MM, Saud WM. The anti-effect of bio-prepared nano-magnesium oxide on sewage properties. HIV Nurs. 2022;22(2):1806-1810.

 

  1. Ouafek N, Keghouche N, Beaunier P, Belloni J, Mostafavi M. Antibacterial activity of intermetallic NixMgy and NiO-MgO phases in nickel-magnesium oxide nanocomposites. Radiat Phys Chem. 2023;202:110499. doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110499

 

  1. Naguib GH, Nassar HM, Hamed MT. Antimicrobial properties of dental cements modified with zein-coated magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Bioact Mater. 2022;8:49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.011

 

  1. Li X, Feng Y, Li H, Zhang Q. Effect of anionic groups on the antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Aspects. 2022;635:127978. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127978

 

  1. Khan AU, Khan M, Khan AA, Parveen A, Ansari S, Alam M. Effect of phyto-assisted synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) on bacteria and the root-knot nematode. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2022;2022:3973841. doi: 10.1155/2022/3973841

 

  1. Baek SW, Kim JH, Song DH, Kim DS, Park CG, Han DK. Enhanced mechanical properties and anti-inflammation of poly(l-lactic acid) by stereocomplexes of PLLA/PDLA and surface-modified magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel). 2022;14(18):3790. doi: 10.3390/polym14183790

 

  1. Verma N, Pramanik K, Singh AK, Biswas A. Design of magnesium oxide nanoparticle incorporated carboxy methyl cellulose/poly vinyl alcohol composite film with novel composition for skin tissue engineering. Mater Technol. 2021;37(8):706-716. doi: 10.1080/10667857.2021.1873634

 

  1. Qu J, Li J, Zhu W, et al. Hybrid nanocomposite multinetwork hydrogel containing magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial activity for wound dressing applications. Polymer. 2022;251:124902. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124902

 

  1. Dharamalingam K, Ramasundaram S, Ponnusamy VK, et al. Facile synthesis of polymer-based magnesium hydroxide nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation for methylene blue dye and antibacterial application. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2022;13(15):13539-13552. doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-02770-0

 

  1. Maji J, Pandey S, Basu S. Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial properties of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Bull Mater Sci. 2019;43:25. doi: 10.1007/s12034-019-1963-5

 

  1. Baniasadi N, Kariminik A, Khoshroo SMR. Synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and their antibacterial properties on three food poisoning causing bacteria. Iran J Med Microbiol. 2019;13(5):380-391. doi: 10.30699/ijmm.13.5.380

 

  1. Patel KD, Singh RK, Kim HW. Carbon-based nanomaterials as an emerging platform for theranostics. Mater Horiz. 2019;6(3):434-469. doi: 10.1039/C8MH00966J

 

  1. Cai L, Chen J, Liu Z, Wang H, Yang H, Ding W. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles: Effective agricultural antibacterial agent against Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:790. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00790

 

  1. Das B, Moumita S, Ghosh S, et al. Biosynthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoflakes by using leaf extract of Bauhinia purpurea and evaluation of its antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2018;91:436-444. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.059

 

  1. Nguyen NYT, Grelling N, Wetteland CL, Rosario R, Liu H. Antimicrobial activities and mechanisms of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (nMgO) against pathogenic bacteria, yeasts, and biofilms. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16260. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34567-5

 

  1. He Y, Ingudam S, Reed S, Gehring A, Strobaugh TP Jr., Irwin P. Study on the mechanism of antibacterial action of magnesium oxide nanoparticles against foodborne pathogens. J Nanobiotechnology. 2016;14:54. doi: 10.1186/s12951-016-0202-0

 

  1. Gogoi UN, Saikia P, Mahanta DJ. A review of the growth models in biological sciences. AIP Conf Proc. 2022;2451(1):020070. doi: 10.1063/5.0095187

 

  1. Vesga-Baron A, Chamy R, Vande Wouwer A. Minimizing foaming and bulking in activated sludge with bacteriophage treatment: A review of mathematical modeling. Processes. 2022;10(8):1600. doi: 10.3390/pr10081600

 

  1. Paul R. Rivalry in Sibling Bacillus Subtilis Colonies: Enemy or Family? [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Alberta Library; 2019. doi: 10.7939/R3-VW8K-XH95

 

  1. Kang X, Wang S, Zeng J, Zhao Y. Forward Euler method for ordinary differential equations. Proc SPIE. 2022;12163:121632U. doi: 10.1117/12.2628078

 

  1. Guo Z, Wang S. Implementation of the forward Euler method in MATLAB. Proc SPIE. 2022;12163:121632T. doi: 10.1117/12.2628077

 

  1. Ibraheem KI, Khudhur HM. Optimization algorithm based on the Euler method for solving fuzzy nonlinear equations. East Eur J Enterpr Technol. 2022;1(4[115]):13-19. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2022.252014

 

  1. Garel M, Izard L, Vienne M, et al. A Ready-to-use Logistic Verhulst Model Implemented in R Shiny to Estimate Growth Parameters of Microorganisms. [bioRxiv Preprint]; 2022. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.29.501982

 

  1. Das S, Vishakha K, Banerjee S, Nag D, Ganguli A. Tetracycline-loaded magnesium oxide nanoparticles with a potential bactericidal action against multidrug-resistant bacteria: In vitro and in vivo evidence. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2022;217:112688. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112688

 

  1. Thakur N, Ghosh J, Pandey SK, Pabbathi A, Das J. A comprehensive review on biosynthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles, and their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant activities as well as toxicity study. Inorg Chem Commun. 2022;146:110156. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110156

 

  1. Mishra A, Pradhan D, Halder J, et al. Metal nanoparticles against multi-drug-resistance bacteria. J Inorg Biochem. 2022;237:111938. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111938

 

  1. Nguyen NTT, Nguyen LM, Nguyen TTT, Tran UPN, Nguyen DTC, Tran TV. A critical review on the bio-mediated green synthesis and multiple applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Chemosphere. 2023;312(pt 1):137301. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137301

 

  1. Xu Q, Lan X, Lin H, et al. Tumor microenvironment-regulating nanomedicine design to fight multi-drug resistant tumors. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2023;15(1):e1842. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1842

 

  1. He J, Hong M, Xie W, Chen Z, Chen D, Xie S. Progress and prospects of nanomaterials against resistant bacteria. J Control Release. 2022;351:301-323. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.030

 

  1. Hirakawa H, Kimura A, Takita A, Chihara S, Tanimoto K, Tomita H. Adsorption of extracellular proteases and pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a macroporous magnesium oxide-templated carbon decreases cytotoxicity. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2022;3:100160. doi: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100160

 

  1. Begum SJP, Pratibha S, Rawat JM, et al. Recent advances in green synthesis, characterization, and applications of bioactive metallic nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(4):455. doi: 10.3390/ph15040455

 

  1. Mustafin K, Suleimenova Z, Akhmetsadykov N, Bisko N, Zhakipbekova A. Study of antimicrobial properties of Hericium fungal extracts. Sci Horz. 2025;28(6):77-88. doi: 10.48077/scihor6.2025.77
Share
Back to top
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept