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REVIEW

Zinc oxide–titanium dioxide nanocomposites as green antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical applications: A review

Zainab Ajoke Suleiman1# ,  Wahab Muiz2# ,  Aisha Eniola Olayiwola1 ,  Abdulrahman Olamilekan Raji1 ,  Habeeb Akorede Lawal1,3* ,  Daniel Damola Olusola1 ,  Olalekan John Okesanya4,5,6 ,  Oluwaseun Olaniyi Olalere7 ,  Raliat Aladodo1
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1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria
2 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Zango, Katsina State, Nigeria
3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
4 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria
5 Department of Public Health and Maritime Transport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Thessaly, Greece
6 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hormuud University, Mogadishu, Somalia
7 Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
BMT, 158 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00158
Submitted: 23 August 2025 | Revised: 11 July 2026 | Accepted: 31 July 2026 | Published: 18 September 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demands innovative strategies beyond conventional antibiotics. Nanotechnology, particularly through green synthesis, offers an eco-friendly and effective platform for developing next-generation antimicrobial agents. This review examines zinc oxide–titanium dioxide (ZnO–TiO2) nanocomposites, focusing on their synthesis methods, antimicrobial mechanisms, and pharmaceutical applications. Literature from 2020 to 2025 was analyzed to evaluate green and chemical synthesis approaches, physicochemical characteristics, and therapeutic potential. ZnO–TiO2 nanocomposites demonstrate superior antimicrobial efficacy compared with individual nanoparticles, attributed to synergistic effects, including enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane disruption, and photocatalytic activity. Green synthesis, using plant extracts or microbial processes, improves biocompatibility and reduces environmental impact, whereas chemical methods enable precise control of particle size and morphology. Reported applications include wound dressings, drug delivery systems, topical formulations, and antimicrobial coatings for medical devices. However, clinical data remain scarce, and concerns regarding cytotoxicity, biological stability, and regulatory compliance must be addressed. Future work should focus on standardized toxicological testing, scalable green production, and well-designed clinical trials to facilitate translation from laboratory research to clinical use. ZnO–TiO2 nanocomposites show strong promise as sustainable antimicrobial agents to combat AMR.

Keywords
Zinc oxide–titanium dioxide nanocomposites
Green synthesis
Antimicrobial resistance
Pharmaceutical applications
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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