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REVIEW

Stimuli-responsive biomaterials in three-dimensional printing: Advances in drug delivery and dynamic tissue engineering

Mohan Raj Vijayan1 ,  Mic Arun Edwin Alexander1 ,  Madhankumar Manimaran1 ,  Kaviyapriya Gopal Kuberaselvam1 ,  Vishali Ramesh1 ,  Saraswati Patel1*
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1 Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
BMT, 165 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00165
Submitted: 2 September 2025 | Revised: 13 November 2025 | Accepted: 26 November 2025 | Published: 5 January 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

The incorporation of advanced additive manufacturing technologies with stimuli-responsive (“smart”) biomaterials holds revolutionary potential for dynamic tissue engineering, bioengineered drug delivery, and tailored medicine. It is through these smart materials that dynamic tissue interactions and precise therapeutic responses are made possible, as they respond to physical, chemical, or biological cues such as temperature, pH, light, magnetic fields, and even enzymes. The review provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of recent advancements in stimuli-responsive materials and their integration with specific additive manufacturing technologies, emphasizing the functional synergy between material responsiveness and fabrication capabilities. Following the International Organization for Standardization/American Society for Testing and Materials 52900 standard, additive manufacturing technologies are classified by forming principles: material extrusion, material jetting, and vat photopolymerization. Each forming principle is evaluated for its compatibility with stimuli-responsive systems, distinguishing between acellular and cell-laden bioprinting applications. This classification approach reveals how specific material responsiveness mechanisms synergize with particular fabrication processes to optimize precision drug delivery and regenerative tissue design. Representative smart biomaterial systems, including thermoresponsive, pH-sensitive, photoreactive, magnetically responsive, and enzyme-responsive polymers, are discussed with emphasis on their mechanisms and biomedical applications. Distinctive devices, including multi-drug delivery systems with tunable release, shape-memory implants, and stimuli-responsive scaffolds for a dynamic tissue environment, are evaluated with respect to performance and translational potential. An overview of current limitations, such as clinical scalability, regulatory hurdles, and environmental sustainability, and strategic future perspectives, including the use of artificial intelligence in print path optimization, integration with biosensors, and multi-responsive constructs, is provided with a critical outlook. The synthesis of cross-disciplinary knowledge aims to inform the design of personalized, responsive, and clinically translational biomedical solutions.

Keywords
Stimuli-responsive biomaterial
Disease
Drug delivery systems
Dynamic tissue engineering
Targeted drug delivery
Personalized medicine
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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