Engineered microorganism–based delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy: a narrative review

doi:10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.03.004

Biomaterials Translational ›› 2022, Vol. 3 ›› Issue (3): 201-212.doi: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.03.004

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Engineered microorganism–based delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy: a narrative review

Xin Huang^#, Haoyu Guo^#, Lutong Wang, Zengwu Shao^*()

Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China

Received:2022-07-20 Revised:2022-08-26 Accepted:2022-09-14 Online:2022-09-28 Published:2022-09-28
Contact: Zengwu Shao E-mail:szwpro@163.com
About author:Zengwu Shao, szwpro@163.com.
#Author Equally.

Abstract

Abstract:

Microorganisms with innate and artificial advantages have been regarded as intelligent drug delivery systems for cancer therapy with the help of engineering technology. Although numerous studies have confirmed the promising prospects of microorganisms in cancer, several problems such as immunogenicity and toxicity should be addressed before further clinical applications. This review aims to investigate the development of engineered microorganism–based delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy. The main types of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, microalgae, and their components and characteristics are introduced in detail. Moreover, the engineering strategies and biomaterials design of microorganisms are further discussed. Most importantly, we discuss the innovative attempts and therapeutic effects of engineered microorganisms in cancer. Taken together, engineered microorganism–based delivery systems hold tremendous promise for biomedical applications in targeted cancer therapy.

Key words: drug delivery systems, engineering strategies, microorganisms, targeted cancer therapy

Cite this article

Figures/Tables 7

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of microorganism–based delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy.

Figure 2. Representative examples of (A) physical integration strategies via electrostatic interactions, (B) chemical engineering strategies via covalent conjugation, (C) biological engineering strategies via genetic editing, and (D) cell membrane coating strategy. Scale bars: 1 μm. Ce6: chlorin e6; DOX: doxorubicin; E. Coli: Escherichia coli; E. Coli(p): Escherichia coli with a plasmid expressing the catalase; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis; Ec–PR848: PR848 nanoparticle–load E. Coli; LP: liposome; MTB: magnetotactic bacteria; pDA: polydopamine; PDOX: DOX–loaded PLGA nanoparticles; PLGA: poly(lactic–co–glycolic acid); S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus. A was reprinted with permission from Wei et al.40 Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. B was reprinted with permission from Taherkhani et al.51 Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. C was reprinted from Deng et al.59 Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier Ltd. D was reprinted from Cao et al.45

Figure 4. The modulatory mechanisms of the immune cells in the tumour microenvironment by fungal β–glucan. DC: dendritic cell; GrnzB: granzyme B; INF–γ: interferon–γ; M–MDSC: monocytic myeloid–derived suppressor cell; PMN–MDSC: polymorphonuclear myeloid–derived suppressor cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF–α: tumor necrosis factor–α; WGP: whole–glucan particles. Reprinted from Geller et al.77

Figure 6. (A) Intratumoral inoculation of OV with transfection and immune cell recruitment. (B) Advanced transfection of an oncolytic virus into the tumour and niche cells with induction of immune cells resulting in apoptosis, direct cell lysis, niche disruption, and phagocytosis. (C) Distant tumour immune infiltration is induced by local immune conditioning. Blue: immune cells; red: tumour; orange: OV particles; green: tumour niche. OV: oncolytic virus. Reprinted from Raja et al.85

Table 1. The origin and anti–cancer mechanisms or effects of microorganism–based anti–cancer therapy

Therapy	Microorganisms	Substance	Mechanisms/effects	References
Chemotherapy	Streptococcus	Bovicin HC5	Drilled pores in cell membranes	12
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Pyocin S2	Destroyed the DNA sequence	64
	Escherichia coli	Colicin E1/A	Induced necrosis	71
	Brevibacillus sp.	Laterosporulin 10	Induced apoptosis or necrosis	72
	Lactococcus lactis	Nisin A/ZP	Inhibited cell proliferation and angiogenesis	73, 74
	Pediococcus acidilactici	Pediocin CP2/K2a2	Induced apoptosis	75
	Mushroom	Polysaccharide–peptide	Prolonged the 5–year survival rate in oesophageal cancer	78
	Chlorella ellipsoidea	Carotenoid	Devastated colon or colorectal cancer	81
	Synedra acus	Chrysolaminaran	Devastated colon or colorectal cancer	82
	Cocconeis scutellum	Eicosatetraenoic acid	Exerted anti–cancer effect in breast cancer	83
Immunotherapy	Gram–negative bacteria	Peptidoglycan, LPS	Triggered the immune responses toward malignancy	84, 85
	Gram–positive bacteria	Peptidoglycan, LTA	Triggered the immune responses toward malignancy
Phototherapy	E. Coli(p)	Membrane	Coated pDA@Ce6 to trigger phototherapy	59
Radiotherapy	Gut microbiome		Adjusted the responses to radiotherapy	91, 92
OV therapy	HSV	T–VEC	Targeted and killed the tumour cell	95, 96

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Engineered microorganism–based delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy: a narrative review

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