Airborne particles such as particulates, spores, and hazardous bioaerosols pose a serious threat to human health. Filtration remains the most widely used method to combat deteriorating air and water quality. While conventional air filters can capture airborne particles, their inability to inactivate pathogens leads to the accumulation of bioaerosols, thereby creating a secondary source of pollution. Incorporating antimicrobial properties into air filters offers a significant advantage by not only trapping bioaerosols but also inhibiting microbial growth. Conventional air filters can be transformed into antimicrobial filters through surface coatings with antimicrobial agents such as metal and metal oxide nanomaterials, ionic liquids, quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts, antimicrobial polymers, N-halamine compounds, antimicrobial peptides, antibiotics, and potent natural extracts. However, coating methods often disrupt pore structure and cause uneven distribution of antimicrobial agents, which may compromise filtration efficiency. Electrospinning is a promising alternative that enables the fabrication of uniform micro- and nanofibers capable of effectively filtering impurities from air or water. Antimicrobial properties can be introduced by incorporating antimicrobial agents directly into the spinning solution and optimizing the formulation parameters. Over the years, a wide range of polymers and antimicrobial additives have been explored for the development of antimicrobial filters using various methods. This article reviews recent advances in antimicrobial filter fabrication, with particular focus on electrospinning, and examines how antimicrobial fillers influence the structural and functional properties of electrospun nanofibers.