Engineering immune-responsive biomaterials for skin regeneration

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112X.2021.01.008

Biomaterials Translational ›› 2021, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (1): 61-71.doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112X.2021.01.008

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Engineering immune-responsive biomaterials for skin regeneration

Pingli Wu¹, Yangyang Liang¹, Guoming Sun²^,^*()

1 College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
2 Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China

Received:2020-07-14 Revised:2020-12-10 Accepted:2020-12-29 Online:2021-03-31 Published:2021-03-28
Contact: Guoming Sun E-mail:gsun@hbu.edu.cn

Abstract

Abstract:

The progress of biomaterials and tissue engineering has led to significant advances in wound healing, but the clinical therapy to regenerate perfect skin remains a great challenge. The implantation of biomaterial scaffolds to heal wounds inevitably leads to a host immune response. Many recent studies revealed that the immune system plays a significant role in both the healing process and the outcome. Immunomodulation or immuno-engineering has thus become a promising approach to develop pro-regenerative scaffolds for perfect skin regeneration. In this paper, we will review recent advancements in immunomodulating biomaterials in the field of skin repair and regeneration, and discuss strategies to modulate the immune response by tailoring the chemical, physical and biological properties of the biomaterials. Understanding the important role of immune responses and manipulating the inherent properties of biomaterials to regulate the immune reaction are approaches to overcome the current bottleneck of skin repair and regeneration.

Key words: biomaterials, immune cells, immunoresponse, skin regeneration

Cite this article

Figures/Tables 5

Figure 1. Temporal sequence of immune reactions to biomaterials. The main cells participate in the biomaterial-tissue microenvironment from the initial inflammatory response to tissue repair and regeneration. Biomaterials shape the immune environment by targeting neutrophils, lymphocytes (T-helper cells and B cells) and macrophages.

Figure 2. The effect of immune cells on hair growth, hair follicle regeneration, and skin regeneration. M2 macrophages secrete FGF2 and IGF1 that play roles in hair follicle neogenesis. The γδ T cells express FGF9, which activates Wnt signalling and further induces hair follicle regeneration and hair growth. Hair follicle progenitor cells repopulate the injured dermis, and produce repair fibroblasts. FGF: fibroblast growth factor; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1.

Figure 3. Strategies to engineer immunomodulatory biomaterials for skin regeneration. ECM: extracellular matrix.

Figure 4. Physical strategies to engineer immunomodulatory biomaterial. (A) Schematic illustration showing that scaffolds with thicker fibres and larger pores promote the transformation of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. (B) Schematic illustration showing that microchannels cause cells to elongate, further facilitating M2 polarization.

Figure 5. Integrating chemi-physical properties into biomaterials. (A) Increasing the DS of the crosslinkable functional group leads to a less porous structure. Reprinted from Sun et al.81 Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier. (B) Macromers affect macrophage differentiation and polarization; DexIEME promotes M2 phenotype transformation. Reprinted from Sun.80 Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission. (C) A pre-existing skin scar (i) that was partially promoted (ii) and treated with DexIEME hydrogel (iii) exhibited scarless skin healing (iv) with skin appendages (e.g., hair follicles). (D) A full-thickness skin injury (ii) in a preclinical swine model demonstrated that DexIEME (i, iii) regenerated complete skin (iv) structures (v) after 10 weeks. DexAE/PEGDA: dextran-allyl isocyanate-ethylamine and polyethylene glycol-diacrylate hydrogel; DexIEME: dextran-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate-ethylamine; DS: degree of substitution; HA: hyaluronic acid; OD: optical density; PEGDA: poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; UV: ultraviolet.

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Engineering immune-responsive biomaterials for skin regeneration

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