Animal models for testing biomaterials in periodontal regeneration

doi:10.12336/biomatertransl.2023.03.003

Biomaterials Translational ›› 2023, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (3): 142-150.doi: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2023.03.003

• REVIEW • Previous Articles Next Articles

Animal models for testing biomaterials in periodontal regeneration

Qiao Sun¹, Yicun Li³, Ping Luo¹, Hong He¹^,²^,^*()

1 State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
2 Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University–The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Centre, Guangdong Province, China

Received:2023-02-25 Revised:2023-06-02 Accepted:2023-09-04 Online:2023-09-28 Published:2023-09-28
Contact: *Hong He, drhehong@whu.edu.cn.

Abstract

Abstract:

Periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease. It can cause tooth loss and has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. While existing treatments can only slow the progression of periodontitis, they are unable to achieve complete regeneration and functional reconstruction of periodontal tissues. As a result, regenerative therapies based on biomaterials have become a focal point of research in the field of periodontology. Despite numerous studies reporting the superiority of new materials in periodontal regeneration, limited progress has been made in translating these findings into clinical practice. This may be due to the lack of appropriate animal models to simulate the tissue defects caused by human periodontitis. This review aims to provide an overview of established animal models for periodontal regeneration, examine their advantages and limitations, and outline the steps for model construction. The objective is to determine the most relevant animal models for periodontal regeneration based on the hypothesis and expected outcomes.

Key words: animal model, biomaterials, periodontitis, tissue regeneration

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Animal species	Characteristic	Type of model	Site of defect	Size of defect	Longest period for evaluation
Mouse	Low–cost; Immunodeficient mice and gene–manipulated mice are available; Regenerative procedures are difficult to conduct due to the narrow oral cavity.	Chronic periodontal defect model			15 days
		Heterotopic transplantation model			8 weeks
Rat	Well established as a model for periodontitis; Physiological remodelling of periodontal tissues due to continuous eruption of molars; More likely to form horizontal bone loss due to the narrow interdental spaces.	Acute periodontal defect model	Fenestration defect	2 × 5 × 1.2 mm³	3 weeks
			Intrabony defect	2 × 2 × 1.7 mm³	12 weeks
		Other defect models	Mandibular angle defect	5 mm in diameter	6 weeks
			Calvarial defect	8 mm in diameter	12 months
Rabbit	Periodontitis can be induced; Fenestration defects may be replaced rather than regenerated due to the continuous eruption of their teeth.	Other defect models	Calvarial defect	8 mm in diameter	8 weeks
Dog	Size and anatomy of periodontal tissues are comparable to humans; Naturally developed periodontitis; The daily care and postoperative maintenance are more complex than rodents.	Acute periodontal defect model	Intrabony defect	5 × 5 × 5 mm³ or 5 × 5 × 4 mm³ or 4 × 4 × 4 mm³	24 weeks
			Supra–alveolar defect	5 mm	8 weeks
			Furcation defect	5 × 5 × 3 mm³	120 days
			Recession–type defect	6 × 5 mm²	8 weeks
			Interproximal periodontal defect	5 × 3 mm²	8 weeks
Miniature pig	Similarities to humans in periodontal anatomy and the presence of naturally occurring periodontitis.	Acute periodontal defect model	Recession–type defect	5 × 4 mm²	3 months
Nonhuman primate	The anatomy of teeth and periodontium in nonhuman primates closely resembles that of humans; An excellent animal model for evaluating regenerative procedures; Ethical concerns, requirements of specialised facilities and high costs.	Acute/chronic periodontal defect model		7–9 × 2–3 mm² or 3 × 4 × 5 mm³	5 months

Animal species	Characteristic	Type of model	Site of defect	Size of defect	Longest period for evaluation
Mouse	Low–cost; Immunodeficient mice and gene–manipulated mice are available; Regenerative procedures are difficult to conduct due to the narrow oral cavity.	Chronic periodontal defect model			15 days
		Heterotopic transplantation model			8 weeks
Rat	Well established as a model for periodontitis; Physiological remodelling of periodontal tissues due to continuous eruption of molars; More likely to form horizontal bone loss due to the narrow interdental spaces.	Acute periodontal defect model	Fenestration defect	2 × 5 × 1.2 mm³	3 weeks
			Intrabony defect	2 × 2 × 1.7 mm³	12 weeks
		Other defect models	Mandibular angle defect	5 mm in diameter	6 weeks
			Calvarial defect	8 mm in diameter	12 months
Rabbit	Periodontitis can be induced; Fenestration defects may be replaced rather than regenerated due to the continuous eruption of their teeth.	Other defect models	Calvarial defect	8 mm in diameter	8 weeks
Dog	Size and anatomy of periodontal tissues are comparable to humans; Naturally developed periodontitis; The daily care and postoperative maintenance are more complex than rodents.	Acute periodontal defect model	Intrabony defect	5 × 5 × 5 mm³ or 5 × 5 × 4 mm³ or 4 × 4 × 4 mm³	24 weeks
			Supra–alveolar defect	5 mm	8 weeks
			Furcation defect	5 × 5 × 3 mm³	120 days
			Recession–type defect	6 × 5 mm²	8 weeks
			Interproximal periodontal defect	5 × 3 mm²	8 weeks
Miniature pig	Similarities to humans in periodontal anatomy and the presence of naturally occurring periodontitis.	Acute periodontal defect model	Recession–type defect	5 × 4 mm²	3 months
Nonhuman primate	The anatomy of teeth and periodontium in nonhuman primates closely resembles that of humans; An excellent animal model for evaluating regenerative procedures; Ethical concerns, requirements of specialised facilities and high costs.	Acute/chronic periodontal defect model		7–9 × 2–3 mm² or 3 × 4 × 5 mm³	5 months

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Animal models for testing biomaterials in periodontal regeneration

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